Case 1

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Cause of Defects

Certain chemicals in the water supply, such as chlorine or acidic pH levels, can corrode pipes over time, causing leaks and ruptures. This is especially common in areas with hard water, which contains high levels of minerals that can damage pipes and reduce their lifespan.

Other than iron, other metals including copper, aluminium etc. also corrode although their oxides appear different from that of ferrous oxides.