Case 1
- Introduction
- Causes of Defects
- Good Practices
- Standards
- Maintenance and Diagnostics
- Remedial
- Similar Cases
- References
Standards
Concrete
BS EN 197-1 Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
BS ISO 3310-2 Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of perforated metal plate/ BS 410-1, ISO 3310-1 Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of metal wire cloth
BS EN 12620 Aggregates for concrete
BS EN 12878 Pigments for the colouring of building materials based on cement and/or lime. Specifications and methods of test
BS 4550-6 Methods of testing cement. Standard sand for mortar cubes
BS EN 1015-7 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of air content of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-4 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by plunger penetration) / BS EN 1015-19 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of water vapour permeability of hardened rendering and plastering mortars / BS EN 1015-1 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of particle size distribution (by sieve analysis) / BS EN 1015-2 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Bulk sampling of mortars and preparation of test mortars / BS EN 1015-3 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table) / BS EN 1015-6 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-9 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of workable life and correction time of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-10 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar / BS 4551 Mortar. Methods of test for mortar and screed. Chemical analysis and physical testing / BS EN 998-1-Specification for mortar for masonry. Rendering and plastering mortar/ BS EN 998-2-Specification for mortar for masonry. Masonry mortar
BS EN 934-3 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar. Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling/ BS EN 480-4 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of bleeding of concrete/ BS EN 934-6 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity/BS EN 480-11 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete/BS EN 480-12 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the alkali content of admixtures/BS EN 480-1 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing/BS EN 934-2 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout . Concrete admixtures. Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling/BS EN 480-8 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the conventional dry material content/BS EN 480-10 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of water soluble chloride content/BS EN 480-6:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Infrared analysis/BS EN 480-5:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of capillary absorption/BS EN 480-2:2006 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of setting time
BS EN 998-2 Specification for mortar for masonry. Masonry mortar/ BS EN 998-1 Specification for mortar for masonry. Rendering and plastering mortar
BS 6319-3 Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions for use in construction. Methods for measurement of modulus of elasticity in flexure and flexural strength
BS 6319-12 Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions for use in construction. Methods for measurement of unrestrained linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion
PD 6678 Guide to the specification of masonry mortar
BS EN 480-1 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing
BS EN 480-2 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of setting time
BS EN 480-4 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of bleeding of concrete
BS EN 480-5 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of capillary absorption
BS EN 480-6 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Infrared analysis
BS EN 480-8 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the conventional dry material content
BS EN 480-10 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of water soluble chloride content
BS EN 480-11 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete
BS EN 480-12 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the alkali content of admixtures
BS EN 934-2 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout . Concrete admixtures. Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
BS EN 934-6 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity
BS 8000-0 Workmanship on construction sites. Introduction and general principles
Waterproofing
BS 8000-0 Workmanship on construction sites. Introduction and general principles
Concrete
ASTM C33 / C33M – 16 Standard Specification for Concrete AggregatesASTM C33 / C33M – 16 Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates ASTM C33 / C33M – 16 Standard Specification for Concrete AggregatesASTM C87 / C87M – 10 Standard Test Method for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregate on Strength of Mortar
ASTM C94 / C94M – 15b Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
ASTM C109 / C109M – 16a Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
ASTM C115 / C115M – 10e1 Standard Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter
ASTM C125-13a Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C136 / C136M – 14 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C150-07 Standard Specification for Portland Cement (Withdrawn)
ASTM C295 / C295M – 12 Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete / ASTM C115 / C115M – 10e1 Standard Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by the Turbidimeter / ASTM C125-15b Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates / ASTM C150-07 Standard Specification for Portland CementASTM C295 / C295M – 12 Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for Concrete / ASTM C305 – 14 Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
ASTM C348 – 14 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars
ASTM C349 – 14 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure)
ASTM C452 – 15 Standard Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to SulfateASTM C452 – 15 Standard Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
ASTM C490/C490M-11e1 Standard Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and Concrete
ASTM C494 / C494M – 15a Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
ASTM C597 – 09 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
ASTM C642 – 13 Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
ASTM C778 – 13 Standard Specification for Standard SandASTM C778 – 13 Standard Specification for Standard Sand
ASTM C805 / C805M – 13a Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete
ASTM C1038 / C1038M – 14b Standard Test Method for Expansion of Hydraulic Cement Mortar Bars Stored in Water
Waterproofing
ASTM D5295 / D5295M – 14 Standard Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems
ASTM D5957 Standard Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing Installations
Concrete
AS 1012.1 Methods of testing concrete – Sampling of concrete / AS 1012.2 Methods of testing concrete – Preparing concrete mixes in the laboratory / AS 1012.3.1 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump test / AS 1012.3.2 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compacting factor test / AS 1012.3.3 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Vebe test / AS 1012.3.4 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compactibility index / AS 1012.3.5 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump flow, T500 and J-ring test / AS 1012.4.1 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in concrete volume with increased air pressure / AS 1012.4.2 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in air pressure in chamber above concrete / AS 1012.4.3 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring air volume when concrete is dispersed in water / AS 1012.5 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete / AS 1012.5 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete / AS 1012.6 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of bleeding of concrete / AS 1012.8.1 Methods of testing concrete – Method for making and curing concrete – Compression and indirect tensile test specimens / AS 1012.8.2 Methods of testing concrete – Method for making and curing concrete – Flexure test specimens / AS 1012.13 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory / AS 1012.14 Methods of testing concrete – Method for securing and testing cores from hardened concrete for compressive strength / AS 1012.15 Methods of testing concrete – Method for the estimation of portland cement content of hardened concrete / AS 1012.16 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of creep of concrete cylinders in compression / AS 1012.17 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the static chord modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens / AS 1012.18 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance / AS 1012.19.1 Methods of testing concrete – Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Hot water method / AS 1012.19.2 Methods of testing concrete – Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Warm water method / AS 1012.20 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete aggregates / DR AS 1012.20.1 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and aggregates – Nitric acid extraction method / DR2 AS 1012.20.2 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and hardened concrete / DR2 AS 1012.20.2 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and hardened concrete / AS 1012.21 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids in hardened concrete / Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
AS 1012.10 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of indirect tensile strength of concrete cylinders (‘Brasil’ or splitting test)
AS 1012.18 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance
concreteAS 1379-2007/Amdt 1 Specification and supply of concrete – AS 1379 Specification and supply of concrete
AS 1478.1 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Admixtures for concrete
AS 1478.2 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
AS 1478.2 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
AS 2350.12 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements – Preparation of a standard mortar and moulding of specimens
AS 2350.13 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements – Determination of drying shrinkage of cement mortars
AS 2350.14 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements – Length change of cement mortars exposed to sulfate solution
AS 2550.15 Cranes – Safe use – Concrete placing equipment
AS 3600 Concrete structures
AS 3648 : Specification and methods of test for packaged concrete mixes
Concrete
SS EN 197 – 1 Cement – Part 1 : Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cement/ SS EN 197 – 2 Cement – Part 2 : Conformity evaluation
SS EN 12620 Specification for aggregates for concrete
SS EN 206 Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity/ SS 544 series – Concrete – Complementary Singapore Standard to SS EN 206-1
SS EN 934 – 1 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Common requirements/ SS EN 934 – 2 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Part 2 : Definitions, requirements – Concrete admixtures – Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling/ SS EN 934 – 6 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity
Waterproofing
SS CP 82 – Code of practice- waterproofing of reinforced concrete buildings
Concrete
ISO 1920-3 Testing of concrete — Part 3: Making and curing test specimens
ISO 1920-1 Testing of concrete — Part 1: Sampling of fresh concrete
ISO 3766 Construction drawings — Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement
ISO 3893 Concrete — Classification by compressive strength
ISO 1920-4 Testing of concrete — Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
ISO 4103 Concrete — Classification of consistency
ISO 4635 Rubber, vulcanized — Preformed joint seals for use between concrete paving sections of highways — Specification
ISO 6274 Concrete — Sieve analysis of aggregates
ISO 1920-5 Testing of concrete — Part 5: Properties of hardened concrete other than strength
ISO 1920-2 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 6782 Aggregates for concrete — Determination of bulk density
ISO 6783 Coarse aggregates for concrete — Determination of particle density and water absorption — Hydrostatic balance method
ISO 1920-10 Testing of concrete — Part 10: Determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression
ISO 7033 Fine and coarse aggregates for concrete — Determination of the particle mass-per-volume and water absorption — Pycnometer method / ISO 7033 Fine and coarse aggregates for concrete — Determination of the particle mass-per-volume and water absorption — Pycnometer method
Reinforcement
ISO 6934-1 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 6934-2 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 2: Cold-drawn wire
ISO 6934-3 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 3: Quenched and tempered wire
ISO 6934-4 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 4: Strand
ISO 6934-5 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 5: Hot-rolled steel bars with or without subsequent processing
ISO 6935-1 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 1: Plain bars
ISO 6935-2 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 2: Ribbed bars
ISO 6935-3 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 3: Welded fabric
Piping
ISO 265-1 Pipes and fittings of plastics materials — Fittings for domestic and industrial waste pipes — Basic dimensions: Metric series — Part 1: Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
ISO 768 Fibre building boards — Determination of bending strength (Withdrawn) (Withdrawn)
ISO 769 Fibre building boards — Hard and medium boards — Determination of water absorption and of swelling in thickness after immersion in water(Withdrawn)
ISO 818 Fibre building boards — Definition — Classification (Withdrawn)
ISO 820 Particle boards — Definition and classification (Withdrawn)
ISO 2695 Fibre building boards — Hard and medium boards for general purposes — Quality specifications — Appearance, shape and dimensional tolerances (Withdrawn)
ISO 2696 Fibre building boards — Hard and medium boards for general purposes — Quality specifications — Water absorption and swelling in thickness (Withdrawn)
ISO 3114 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes for potable water supply – Extractability of lead and tin – Test method
ISO 3340 Fibre building boards — Determination of sand content
ISO 3474 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes — Specification and measurement of opacity (Withdrawn) (Withdrawn)
ISO 3546 Fibre building boards — Determination of surface finish (roughness) (Withdrawn)
ISO 3603 Fittings for unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pressure pipes with elastic sealing ring type joints — Pressure test for leakproofness
ISO 3633 Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) inside buildings — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U)
ISO 3729 Fibre building boards — Determination of surface stability (Withdrawn)
ISO/TR 4191 Plastics piping systems for water supply — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC-U) and oriented PVC-U (PVC-O) — Guidance for installation
ISO 1452-1 Plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) — Part 1: General
ISO 1452-2 Plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) — Part 2: Pipes
ISO 1452-3 Plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) — Part 3: Fittings
ISO 1452-4 Plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) — Part 4: Valves
ISO 1452-5 Plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) — Part 5: Fitness for purpose of the system
ISO 4439 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes and fittings — Determination and specification of density
ISO 6308 Gypsum plasterboard — Specification (Withdrawn)
ISO 1452-3 Plastics piping systems for water supply and for buried and above-ground drainage and sewerage under pressure — Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) — Part 3: Fittings
ISO 6594 Cast iron drainage pipes and fittings — Spigot series
ISO 6992 Unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) pipes for drinking water supply — Extractability of cadmium and mercury occurring as impurities (Withdrawn)
ISO 8283-1 Plastics pipes and fittings — Dimensions of sockets and spigots for discharge systems inside buildings — Part 1: Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U) and chlorinated poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC-C)
ISO 8283-2 Plastics pipes and fittings — Dimensions of sockets and spigots for discharge systems inside buildings — Part 2: Polyethylene (PE)
ISO 8283-3 Plastics pipes and fittings — Dimensions of sockets and spigots for discharge systems inside buildings — Part 3: Polypropylene (PP)
ISO 8283-4 Plastics pipes and fittings — Dimensions of sockets and spigots for discharge systems inside buildings — Part 4: Acrylonitrile/butadiene/styrene (ABS)
ISO 13844 Plastics piping systems — Elastomeric-sealing-ring-type socket joints for use with plastic pressure pipes — Test method for leaktightness under negative pressure, angular deflection and deformation
ISO 13845 Plastics piping systems — Elastomeric-sealing-ring-type socket joints for use with thermoplastic pressure pipes — Test method for leaktightness under internal pressure and with angular deflection