Case 3
- Introduction
- Causes of Defects
- Good Practices
- Standards
- Maintenance and Diagnostics
- Remedial
- Similar Cases
- References
Standards
BS EN 197-1:2011 Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
BS ISO 3310-2:2013 Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of perforated metal plate / BS 410-1:2000, ISO 3310-1:2000 Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of metal wire cloth
BS EN 12620:2002+A1:2008 Aggregates for concrete
BS EN 12878:2014 Pigments for the colouring of building materials based on cement and/or lime. Specifications and methods of test
BS 1199 and 1200:1976 Specifications for building sands from natural sources
BS 4550-6:1978 Methods of testing cement. Standard sand for mortar cubes
BS EN 998-2:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry . Masonry mortar / BS EN 998-1:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry. Rendering and plastering mortar
BS EN 934-3:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar. Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling
BS EN 934-3:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar. Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling
BS EN 934-6:2001 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity/BS EN 480-11:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete/BS EN 480-12:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the alkali content of admixtures/BS EN 480-1:2006+A1:2011 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing/BS EN 934-2:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout . Concrete admixtures. Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling/BS EN 480-8:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the conventional dry material content/BS EN 480-10:2009 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of water soluble chloride content/BS EN 480-6:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Infrared analysis/BS EN 480-5:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of capillary absorption/BS EN 480-2:2006 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of setting time/
BS EN 998-2:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry . Masonry mortar / BS EN 998-1:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry. Rendering and plastering mortar
BS 6319-3:1990 Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions for use in construction. Methods for measurement of modulus of elasticity in flexure and flexural strength
BS 6319-12:1992 Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions for use in construction. Methods for measurement of unrestrained linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion
DD 249:1999 Testing aggregates. Method for the assessment of alkali-silica reactivity. Potential accelerated mortar-bar method (Withdrawn)
PD 6678:2005 Guide to the specification of masonry mortar
BS EN 480-1:2014 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing
BS EN 480-2:2006 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of setting time BS EN 480-4:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of bleeding of concrete
BS EN 480-5:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of capillary absorption
BS EN 480-6:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Infrared analysis
BS EN 480-8:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the conventional dry material content
BS EN 480-10:2009 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of water soluble chloride content
BS EN 480-11:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete
BS EN 480-12:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the alkali content of admixtures
BS EN 934-2:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout . Concrete admixtures. Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
BS EN 934-6:2001 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity
BS EN 1015-7:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of air content of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-4:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by plunger penetration) / BS EN 1015-19:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of water vapour permeability of hardened rendering and plastering mortars / BS EN 1015-1:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of particle size distribution (by sieve analysis) / BS EN 1015-2:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Bulk sampling of mortars and preparation of test mortars / BS EN 1015-3:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table) / BS EN 1015-6:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-9:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of workable life and correction time of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-10:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar / BS 4551:2005+A2:2013 Mortar. Methods of test for mortar and screed. Chemical analysis and physical testing
BS 8204-1:2003+A1:2009. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Concrete bases and cementitious levelling screeds to receive floorings. Code of practice / BS 8204-2:2003+A2:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Concrete wearing surfaces. Code of practice / BS 8204-3:2004+A2:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Polymer modified cementitious levelling screeds and wearing screeds. Code of practice / BS 8204-4:2004+A1:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Cementitious terrazzo wearing surfaces. Code of practice / BS 8204-5:2004+A1:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Mastic asphalt underlays and wearing surfaces. Code of practice / BS 8204-6:2008+A1:2010 Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Synthetic resin floorings. Code of practice / BS 8204-7:2003 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings. Pumpable self-smoothing screeds. Code of practice
ASTM C33 / C33M – 16 Standard Specification for Concrete AggregatesASTM C87 / C87M – 10 Standard Test Method for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregate on Strength of Mortar ASTM C94 / C94M – 16 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed ConcreteASTM C109 / C109M – 16a Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)ASTM C115 / C115M – 10e1 Standard Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by the TurbidimeterASTM C125-15a Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesASTM C136 / C136M – 14 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesASTM C150-07 Standard Specification for Portland Cement (Withdrawn 28 Jul 2009)ASTM C295 / C295M – 12 Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for ConcreteASTM C305 – 14 Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
ASTM C348 – 14 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement MortarsASTM C349 – 14 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure)ASTM C452 – 15 Standard Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to SulfateASTM C490 / C490M – 11e1 Standard Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and ConcreteASTM C494 / C494M – 15a Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete ASTM C597 – 09 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through ConcreteASTM C642 – 13 Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened ConcreteASTM C778 – 13 Standard Specification for Standard SandASTM C805 / C805M – 13a Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened ConcreteASTM C1038 / C1038M – 14b Standard Test Method for Expansion of Hydraulic Cement Mortar Bars Stored in Water
ASTM D1067-11 Standard Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water ASTM D1129-13 Standard Terminology Relating to Water ASTM D1193 – 06(2011) Standard Specification for Reagent Water ASTM D1293 – 12 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water
AS 1478.2-2005 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
AS 1012.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Sampling of concrete / AS 1012.2:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Preparing concrete mixes in the laboratory / AS 1012.3.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump test / AS 1012.3.2-1998 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compacting factor test / AS 1012.3.3-1998 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Vebe test / AS 1012.3.4-1998 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compactibility index / AS 1012.3.5:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump flow, T500 and J-ring test / AS 1012.4.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in concrete volume with increased air pressure / AS 1012.4.2:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in air pressure in chamber above concrete / AS 1012.4.3:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring air volume when concrete is dispersed in water / AS 1012.5:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete / AS 1012.5:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete / AS 1012.6:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of bleeding of concrete / AS 1012.8.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Method for making and curing concrete – Compression and indirect tensile test specimens / AS 1012.8.2:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Method for making and curing concrete – Flexure test specimens / AS 1012.13:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory / AS 1012.14-1991 Methods of testing concrete – Method for securing and testing cores from hardened concrete for compressive strength / AS 1012.15-1979 Methods of testing concrete – Method for the estimation of portland cement content of hardened concrete / AS 1012.16-1996 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of creep of concrete cylinders in compression / AS 1012.17-1997 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the static chord modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens / AS 1012.18-1996 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance / AS 1012.19.1-2000 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Hot water method / AS 1012.19.2-2000 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Warm water method / AS 1012.20-1992 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete aggregates / DR AS 1012.20.1:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and aggregates – Nitric acid extraction method / DR2 AS 1012.20.2:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and hardened concrete / DR2 AS 1012.20.2:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and hardened concrete / AS 1012.21-1999 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids in hardened concrete / Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
AS 1012.10-2000 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of indirect tensile strength of concrete cylinders (‘Brasil’ or splitting test)
AS 1012.18-1996 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance
AS 1379-2007/Amdt 1-2009 Specification and supply of concrete – AS 1379-2007/Amdt 2-2015 Specification and supply of concrete
AS 1478.1-2000 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Admixtures for concrete
AS 1478.2-2005 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
AS 2350.12-2006 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements – Preparation of a standard mortar and moulding of specimens
AS 2350.13-1995 Methods of testing portland and blended cements – Determination of drying shrinkage of portland andblended cement mortars
AS 2350.13-1995/Amdt 1-1997 Methods of testing portland and blended cements – Determination of drying shrinkage of portland and blended cement mortars
AS 2350.14-2006 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements – Length change of cement mortars exposed to sulfate solution
AS 2550.15-1994 Cranes – Safe use – Concrete placing equipment
AS 3600-2009/Amdt 1-2010 Concrete structures – AS 3600-2009/Amdt 2-2013 Concrete structures
AS 3648-1993 Specification and methods of test for packaged concrete mixes
SS EN 197 – 1 : 2014 Cement – Part 1 : Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cement /
SS EN 197 – 2 : 2014 Cement – Part 2 : Conformity evaluation
SS EN 12620:2008 – Amendment No.1 Specification for aggregates for concrete
SS 78 – A25 : 1987 Testing concrete – Methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory (Withdrawn – 11 Oct 2012) (Refer to BS 1881)SS 544 – 1 : 2014 Concrete – Complementary Singapore Standard to SS EN 206 – Part 1: Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier / SS 544 – 2 : 2014 Concrete – Complementary Singapore Standard to SS EN 206 – Part 2: Specification for constituent materials and concreteSS EN 934 – 1 : 2008 (2015) Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Common requirements
SS 397 – 1 : 1997 Methods of testing cement – Determination of strength (Withdrawn – 24 Jun 2011) (Users can refer to parts of BS EN 196) SS 561 : 2010 Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
SS 18 – 1 : 1999 Cold-reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete and the manufacture of welded fabric – Steel grade 500 /
SS 18 – 2 : 1970 Cold-reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete and the manufacture of welded fabric – Steel grade 485 /
SS 561 : 2010 Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
SS 580 : 2012 Code of practice for formwork
SS 32 – 1 : 1999 Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete – Steel grades 300 and 500 / SS 32 – 2 : 1986 Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete – Steel grade 485
ISO 1920-3:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 3: Making and curing test specimens
ISO 1920-1:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 1: Sampling of fresh concrete
ISO 1920-3:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 3: Making and curing test specimens
ISO 3766:2003 Construction drawings — Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement
ISO 3893:1977 Concrete — Classification by compressive strength
ISO 1920-4:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
ISO 1920-4:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
ISO 4103:1979 Concrete — Classification of consistency
ISO 1920-4:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 4635:2011 Rubber, vulcanized — Preformed joint seals for use between concrete paving sections of highways – Specification
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 6274:1982 Concrete — Sieve analysis of aggregates
ISO 1920-5:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 5: Properties of hardened concrete other than strength
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 6782:1982 Aggregates for concrete — Determination of bulk density
ISO 6783:1982 Coarse aggregates for concrete — Determination of particle density and water absorption — Hydrostatic balance method
ISO 1920-10:2010 Testing of concrete — Part 10: Determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression
ISO 7033:1987 Fine and coarse aggregates for concrete — Determination of the particle mass-per-volume and water absorption — Pycnometer method
ISO 6934-1:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 6934-2:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 2: Cold-drawn wire
ISO 6934-3:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 3: Quenched and tempered wire
ISO 6934-4:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 4: Strand
ISO 6934-5:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 5: Hot-rolled steel bars with or without subsequent processing
ISO 6935-1:2007 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 1: Plain bars
ISO 6935-2:2015 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 2: Ribbed bars
ISO 6935-3:1992 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 3: Welded fabric
ISO 14654:1999 Epoxy-coated steel for the reinforcement of concrete
ISO 14656:1999 EPOXY POWDER AND SEALING MATERIAL FOR THE COATING OF STEEL FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE