Case 2
- Introduction
- Causes of Defects
- Good Practices
- Standards
- Maintenance and Diagnostics
- Remedial
- Similar Cases
- References
Standards
Concrete
AS 1012: Methods of testing concrete
- Part 1: Sampling of concrete
- Part 2: Preparing concrete mixes in the laboratory
- Part 3.1: Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump test
- Part 3.2: Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compacting factor test
- Part 3.3: Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Vebe test
- Part 3.4: Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compactibility index
- Part 3.5: Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump flow, T500 and J-ring test
- Part 4.1: Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in concrete volume with increased air pressure
- Part 4.2: Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in air pressure in chamber above concrete
- Part 4.3: Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring air volume when concrete is dispersed in water
- Part 5: Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete
- Part 6: Determination of bleeding of concrete
- Part 8.1: Method for making and curing concrete – Compression and indirect tensile test specimens
- Part 8.2: Method for making and curing concrete – Flexure test specimens
- Part 10: Determination of indirect tensile strength of concrete cylinders (‘Brasil’ or splitting test)
- Part 13: Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
- Part 14: Method for securing and testing cores from hardened concrete for compressive strength
- Part 15: Method for the estimation of portland cement content of hardened concrete
- Part 16: Determination of creep of concrete cylinders in compression
- Part 17: Determination of the static chord modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens
- Part 18: Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance
- Part 19.1: Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Hot water method
- Part 19.2: Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Warm water method
- Part 20: Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete aggregates
- Part 20.1: Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and aggregates – Nitric acid extraction method
- Part 20.2: Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and hardened concrete
- Part 21: Determination of water absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids in hardened concrete / Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
AS 1379- Specification and supply of concrete
AS 1478: Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
- Part 1: Admixtures for concrete
- Part 2: Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
AS 2550.15- Cranes – Safe use – Concrete placing equipment
AS 2832.5- Cathodic protection of metals – Steel in concrete structures
AS 3600- Concrete structures
AS 3648: Specification and methods of test for packaged concrete mixes
ASTM C33 / C33M – Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C94 / C94M – Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
ASTM C136 / C136M – Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C150 / C150M – Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C597 – Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
ASTM C642 – Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
ASTM C805 / C805M – Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete
ASTM D5295 / D5295M – Standard Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Adhered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems
BS EN 196: Method of testing cement
- Part 1: Determination of strength
- Part 2: Chemical analysis of cement
- Part 3: Determination of setting times and soundness
- Part 5: Pozzolanicity test for pozzolanic cement
- Part 6: Determination of fineness
SS EN 197: Cement
- Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cement
- Part 2: Conformity evaluation
BS EN 206: Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity
BS 812: Testing aggregates
- Part 2: Methods for determination of density
- Part 103.2: Method for determination of particle size distribution. Sedimentation test
- Part 104: Method for qualitative and quantitative petrographic examination of aggregates
- Part 109: Methods for determination of moisture content
- Part 110: Methods for determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV)
- Part 111: Methods for determination of ten per cent fines value (TFV)
- Part 112: Method for determination of aggregate impact value (AIV)
- Part 114: Method for determination of the polished-stone value
- Part 119: Method for determination of acid-soluble material in fine aggregate
- Part 121: Method for determination of soundness
- Part 123: Method for determination of alkali-silica reactivity. Concrete prism method
- Part 124: Method for determination of frost heave
BS EN 932-5: Tests for general properties of aggregates. Common equipment and calibration
SS EN 934: Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
- Part 1: Common requirements
- Part 2: Definitions, requirements – Concrete admixtures – Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
- Part 6: Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity
BS 1881: Testing concrete
- Part 113: Method for making and curing no-fines test cubes
- Part 119: Method for determination of compressive strength using portions of beams broken in flexure (equivalent cube method)
- Part 121: Method for determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression;
- Part 122: Method for determination of water absorption
- Part 124: Methods for analysis of hardened
- Part 125: Methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory
- Part 129: Method for determination of density of partially compacted semi-dry fresh concrete
- Part 130: Method for temperature-matched curing of concrete specimens
- Part 131: Methods for testing cement in a reference concrete
- Part 204: Recommendations on the use of electromagnetic covermeters
- Part 206: Recommendations for determination of strain in concrete
- Part 207: Recommendations for the assessment of concrete strength by near-to-surface tests
- Part 208: Recommendations for the determination of the initial surface absorption of concrete
- Part 209: Recommendations for the measurement of dynamic modulus of elasticity
BS ISO 1920: Testing of concrete
- Part 1: Sampling of fresh concrete
- Part 2. Properties of fresh concrete
- Part 3: Making and curing test specimens
- Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
- Part 5: Properties of hardened concrete other than strength
- Part 10: Determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression
BS EN 1992-1-1: Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings
BS ISO 3766: Construction drawings – Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement
BS ISO 3893: Concrete – Classification by compressive strength
BS ISO 4103: Concrete – Classification of consistency
BS 4550: Methods of testing cement
- Part 0: General introduction
- Part 1: Aerospace series. Pipe coupling, 37°. Design configuration. Inch series. Male sealing ends, spherical
- Part 3: Aerospace series. Pipe coupling 37°. Design configuration. Inch series. Port connection
- Part 3.1: Physical tests. Introduction
- Part 3.8: Physical tests. Test for heat of hydration
- Part 4: Aerospace series. Pipe coupling, 37°. Design configuration. Inch series. Female sealing ends
- Part 6: Standard sand for mortar cubes
BS ISO 4635: Rubber, vulcanized – Preformed joint seals for use between concrete paving sections of highways – Specification
BS ISO 6274: Concrete – Sieve analysis of aggregates
BS ISO 6782: Aggregates for concrete – Determination of bulk density
BS ISO 6783: Coarse aggregates for concrete – Determination of particle density and water absorption – Hydrostatic balance method
BS ISO 6934: Steel for the prestressing of concrete
- Part 1: General requirements
- Part 2: Cold-drawn wire
- Part 3: Quenched and tempered wire
- Part 4: Strand
- Part 5: Hot-rolled steel bars with or without subsequent processing
BS ISO 6935: Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
- Part 1: Plain bars
- Part 2: Ribbed bars
- Part 3: Welded fabric
BS 6949: Specification for bitumen-based coatings for cold application excluding use in contact with potable water
BS 7543: Guide to durability of buildings and building elements, products and components
BS 8000-0: Workmanship on construction sites. Introduction and general principles
BS EN 12504-2: Testing concrete in structures. Non-destructive testing. Determination of rebound number
BS EN 12620: Aggregates for concrete
BS EN 13139: Aggregates for mortar
BS EN 13791: Assessment of in-situ compressive strength in structures and pre-cast concrete components
BS ISO 15686: Buildings and constructed assets. Service life planning
- Part 1: General principles and framework
- Part 2: Service life prediction procedures
- Part 3: Performance audits and reviews
ISO 7033: Fine and coarse aggregates for concrete – Determination of the particle mass-per-volume and water absorption – Pycnometer method
Steel
AS/NZS 4671: Steel reinforcing materials
SS 18 – 1: Cold-reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete and the manufacture of welded fabric – Steel grade 500
SS 32 Series – Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
SS 566: Specification for steel for the reinforcement of concrete – Plain bars
SS 580: Code of practice for formwork
Pipes and Fittings
ASTM D618 – Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing
ASTM D1599 – Standard Test Method for Resistance to Short-Time Hydraulic Pressure of Plastic Pipe, Tubing, and Fittings
ASTM D1600 – Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
ASTM D1784 – Standard Specification for Rigid Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Compounds and Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Compounds
ASTM D1785 – Standard Specification for Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe, Schedules 40, 80, and 120
ASTM D2122 – Standard Test Method for Determining Dimensions of Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM D2464 – Standard Specification for Threaded Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
ASTM D2749 – Standard Symbols for Dimensions of Plastic Pipe Fittings
ASTM F412 – Standard Terminology Relating to Plastic Piping Systems
ASTM F437 – Standard Specification for Threaded Chlorinated Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (CPVC) Plastic Pipe Fittings, Schedule 80
ASTM F1498 – Standard Specification for Taper Pipe Threads 60° for Thermoplastic Pipe and Fittings
ASTM F1674 – Standard Test Method for Joint Restraint Products for Use with PVC Pipe
BS EN 274: Waste fittings for sanitary appliances
- Part 1: Requirements
- Part 2: Test methods
- Part 3: Quality control
BS EN 1329-1: Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure. Unplasticized poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-U). Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system
BS EN 1451-1: Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure. Polypropylene (PP). Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system
BS EN 1455-1: Plastics piping systems for soil and waste (low and high temperature) within the building structure. Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS). Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system
BS EN 1519-1: Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure. Polyethylene (PE). Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system
BS EN 1565-1: Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure. Styrene copolymer blends (SAN + PVC). Specifications for pipes, fittings and the system
BS EN 1566-1: Plastics piping systems for soil and waste discharge (low and high temperature) within the building structure. Chlorinated poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC-C). Specification for pipes, fittings and the system
BS 4514: Unplasticized PVC soil and ventilating pipes of 82.4 mm minimum mean outside diameter, and fittings and accessories of 82.4 mm and of other sizes. Specification
BS EN 12056-2: Gravity drainage systems inside buildings. Sanitary pipework, layout and calculation
Plaster
BS EN 934-3: Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar. Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling
BS EN 1015: Methods of test for mortar for masonry
- Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution (by sieve analysis)
- Part 2: Bulk sampling of mortars and preparation of test mortars
- Part 3: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table)
- Part 4: Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by plunger penetration)
- Part 6: Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar
- Part 7: Determination of air content of fresh mortar
- Part 9: Determination of workable life and correction time of fresh mortar
- Part 10: Determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar
- Part 19: Determination of water vapour permeability of hardened rendering and plastering mortars
BS 4551: Mortar. Methods of test for mortar and screed. Chemical analysis and physical testing
Waterproofing
AS 3740 – Waterproofing of domestic wet areas
ASTM D5957 – Standard Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing Installations
BS 8000-0: Workmanship on construction sites. Introduction and general principles
SS CP 82: Code of practice- waterproofing of reinforced concrete buildings
Paints
ISO 1513: Paints and varnishes – Examination and preparation of test samples
ISO 1514: Paints and varnishes – Standard panels for testing
ISO 1516: Determination of flash/no flash – Closed cup equilibrium method
ISO 1518: Paints and varnishes – Determination of scratch resistance
- Part 1: Constant-loading method
- Part 2: Variable-loading method
ISO 1519: Paints and varnishes – Bend test (cylindrical mandrel)
ISO 1520: Paints and varnishes – Cupping test
ISO 1522: Paints and varnishes – Pendulum damping test
ISO 1523: Determination of flash point – Closed cup equilibrium method
ISO 1524: Paints, varnishes and printing inks – Determination of fineness of grind
ISO 2409: Paints and varnishes – Cross-cut test
ISO 2431: Paints and varnishes – Determination of flow time by use of flow cups
ISO 2808: Paints and varnishes – Determination of film thickness
ISO 2810: Paints and varnishes – Natural weathering of coatings – Exposure and assessment
ISO 2811: Paints and varnishes – Determination of density
- Part 1: Pycnometer method
- Part 2: Immersed body (plummet) method
- Part 3: Oscillation method
- Part 4: Pressure cup method
ISO 2812: Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to liquids
- Part 1: Immersion in liquids other than water
- Part 2: Water immersion method
ISO 2813: Paints and varnishes – Determination of gloss value at 20 degrees, 60 degrees and 85 degrees
ISO 2814: Paints and varnishes – Comparison of contrast ratio (hiding power) of paints of the same type and colour
ISO 2815: Paints and varnishes – Buchholz indentation test
ISO 2884-1: Paints and varnishes – Determination of viscosity using rotary viscometers – Cone-and-plate viscometer operated at a high rate of shear
ISO 3231: Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to humid atmospheres containing sulfur dioxide
ISO 3233-1: Paints and varnishes – Determination of the percentage volume of non-volatile matter – Method using a coated test panel to determine non-volatile matter and to determine dry film density by the Archimedes principle
ISO 3248: Paints and varnishes – Determination of the effect of heat
ISO 3251: Paints, varnishes and plastics – Determination of non-volatile-matter content
ISO 4618: Paints and varnishes – Terms and definitions for coating materials
- Part 2: Special terms relating to paint characteristics and properties
- Part 3: Surface preparation and methods of application
ISO 4624: Paints and varnishes – Pull-off test for adhesion
ISO 4628: Paints and varnishes – Evaluation of degradation of coatings – Designation of quantity and size of defects, and of intensity of uniform changes in appearance
- Part 1: General introduction and designation system
- Part 2: Assessment of degree of blistering
- Part 3: Assessment of degree of rusting
- Part 4: Assessment of degree of cracking
- Part 5: Assessment of degree of flaking
- Part 6: Assessment of degree of chalking by tape method
ISO 6270-1: Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to humidity – Continuous condensation
ISO 6272: Paints and varnishes – Rapid-deformation (impact resistance) tests
- Part 1: Falling-weight test, large-area indenter
- Part 2: Falling-weight test, small-area indenter
ISO 6441: Paints and varnishes – Determination of micro-indentation hardness
- Part 1: Knoop hardness by measurement of indentation length
- Part 2: Knoop hardness by measurement of indentation depth under load
ISO 6503: Paints and varnishes – Determination of total lead – Flame atomic absorption spectrometric method
ISO 6504: Paints and varnishes – Determination of hiding power
- Part 1: Kubelka-Munk method for white and light-coloured paints
- Part 3: Determination of contrast ratio of light-coloured paints at a fixed spreading rate
ISO 6713: Paints and varnishes – Preparation of acid extracts from paints in liquid or powder form
ISO 6744: Binders for paints and varnishes – Alkyd resins
- Part 1: General methods of test
- Part 2: Determination of phthalic anhydride content
- Part 3: Determination of unsaponifiable matter content
- Part 4: Determination of fatty acid content
ISO 6860: Paints and varnishes – Bend test (conical mandrel)
ISO 7142: Binders for paints and varnishes – Epoxy resins – General methods of test
ISO 7143: Binders for paints and varnishes – Methods of test for characterizing water-based binders
ISO 7783: Paints and varnishes – Determination of water-vapour transmission properties – Cup method
ISO 7784: Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to abrasion
- Part 1: Method with abrasive-paper covered wheels and rotating test specimen
- Part 2: Method with abrasive rubber wheels and rotating test specimen
- Part 3: Method with abrasive-paper covered wheel and linearly reciprocating test specimen
ISO 8501-1: Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and related products – Visual assessment of surface cleanliness – Rust grades and preparation grades of uncoated steel substrates and of steel substrates after overall
ISO 9117-3: Paints and varnishes – Drying tests – Surface-drying test using ballotini
ISO 9514: Paints and varnishes – Determination of the pot life of multicomponent coating systems – Preparation and conditioning of samples and guidelines for testing
ISO 11503: Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to humidity (intermittent condensation)
ISO 11668: Binders for paints and varnishes – Chlorinated polymerization resins – General methods of test
ISO 11890: Paints and varnishes – Determination of volatile organic compound (VOC) content
- Part 1: Difference method
- Part 2: Gas-chromatographic method
ISO 11908: Binders for paints and varnishes – Amino resins – General methods of test
ISO 11909: Binders for paints and varnishes – Polyisocyanate resins – General methods of test
ISO 11997: Paints and varnishes – Determination of resistance to cyclic corrosion conditions
- Part 1: Wet (salt fog)/dry/humidity
- Part 2: Wet (salt fog)/dry/humidity/UV light
ISO 11998: Paints and varnishes – Determination of wet-scrub resistance and cleanability of coatings
ISO 12137: Paints and varnishes – Determination of mar resistance
ISO 14680: Paints and varnishes – Determination of pigment content
- Part 1: Centrifuge method
- Part 2: Ashing method
- Part 3: Filtration method
ISO 15184: Paints and varnishes – Determination of film hardness by pencil test
ISO 16474-1: Paints and varnishes – Methods of exposure to laboratory light sources – General guidance