Structural Frame

Hot Rolled Steel

Cold Formed Steel

Concrete Encased Steel

Reinforced Dense Concrete

Prestressed Precast Concrete

For each material under the structural frame, a brief description of the material is given and further information on its types, durability, properties, maintenance and cleaning methods; and the types of failures and repair methods are discussed. The structural frame includes hot rolled steel, cold formed steel, concrete encased steel, reinforced dense concrete and prestressed precast concrete.