Case 3
- Introduction
- Causes of Defects
- Good Practices
- Standards
- Maintenance and Diagnostics
- Remedial
- Similar Cases
- References
Standards
British Standards
Concrete
BS 4550 Methods of testing cement
- Part 6 Standard sand for mortar cubes
BS 6319 Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions for use in construction
- Part 3 Methods for measurement of modulus of elasticity in flexure and flexural strength
- Part 12 Methods for measurement of unrestrained linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion
BS EN 12620 Aggregates for concrete
BS EN 12878 Pigments for the colouring of building materials based on cement and/or lime – Specifications and methods of test
Singapore Standards
Concrete
SS EN 197 Cement
- Part 1 Cement composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
- Part 2 Conformity evaluation
BS ISO 3310-2 Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of perforated metal plate / BS 410-1, ISO 3310-1 Test sieves. Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of metal wire cloth
BS 1199 and 1200 Specifications for building sands from natural sources
BS EN 998-2:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry . Masonry mortar / BS EN 998-1:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry. Rendering and plastering mortar
BS EN 934-3:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar. Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling
BS EN 934-3:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Admixtures for masonry mortar. Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling
BS EN 934-6:2001 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity/BS EN 480-11:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete/BS EN 480-12:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the alkali content of admixtures/BS EN 480-1:2006+A1:2011 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing/BS EN 934-2:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout . Concrete admixtures. Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling/BS EN 480-8:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the conventional dry material content/BS EN 480-10:2009 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of water soluble chloride content/BS EN 480-6:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Infrared analysis/BS EN 480-5:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of capillary absorption/BS EN 480-2:2006 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of setting time/
BS EN 998-2:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry . Masonry mortar / BS EN 998-1:2010 Specification for mortar for masonry. Rendering and plastering mortar
DD 249:1999 Testing aggregates. Method for the assessment of alkali-silica reactivity. Potential accelerated mortar-bar method (Withdrawn)
PD 6678:2005 Guide to the specification of masonry mortar
BS EN 480-1:2014 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing
BS EN 480-2:2006 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of setting time BS EN 480-4:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of bleeding of concrete
BS EN 480-5:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of capillary absorption
BS EN 480-6:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Infrared analysis
BS EN 480-8:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the conventional dry material content
BS EN 480-10:2009 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of water soluble chloride content
BS EN 480-11:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete
BS EN 480-12:2005 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Test methods. Determination of the alkali content of admixtures
BS EN 934-2:2009+A1:2012 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout . Concrete admixtures. Definitions, requirements, conformity, marking and labelling
BS EN 934-6:2001 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout. Sampling, conformity control and evaluation of conformity
BS EN 1015-7:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of air content of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-4:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by plunger penetration) / BS EN 1015-19:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of water vapour permeability of hardened rendering and plastering mortars / BS EN 1015-1:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of particle size distribution (by sieve analysis) / BS EN 1015-2:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Bulk sampling of mortars and preparation of test mortars / BS EN 1015-3:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of consistence of fresh mortar (by flow table) / BS EN 1015-6:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of bulk density of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-9:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of workable life and correction time of fresh mortar / BS EN 1015-10:1999 Methods of test for mortar for masonry. Determination of dry bulk density of hardened mortar / BS 4551:2005+A2:2013 Mortar. Methods of test for mortar and screed. Chemical analysis and physical testing
BS 8204-1:2003+A1:2009. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Concrete bases and cementitious levelling screeds to receive floorings. Code of practice / BS 8204-2:2003+A2:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Concrete wearing surfaces. Code of practice / BS 8204-3:2004+A2:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Polymer modified cementitious levelling screeds and wearing screeds. Code of practice / BS 8204-4:2004+A1:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Cementitious terrazzo wearing surfaces. Code of practice / BS 8204-5:2004+A1:2011. Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Mastic asphalt underlays and wearing surfaces. Code of practice / BS 8204-6:2008+A1:2010 Screeds, bases and in situ floorings. Synthetic resin floorings. Code of practice / BS 8204-7:2003 Screeds, bases and in-situ floorings. Pumpable self-smoothing screeds. Code of practice
ASTM C33 / C33M – 16 Standard Specification for Concrete AggregatesASTM C87 / C87M – 10 Standard Test Method for Effect of Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregate on Strength of Mortar ASTM C94 / C94M – 16 Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed ConcreteASTM C109 / C109M – 16a Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)ASTM C115 / C115M – 10e1 Standard Test Method for Fineness of Portland Cement by the TurbidimeterASTM C125-15a Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete AggregatesASTM C136 / C136M – 14 Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse AggregatesASTM C150-07 Standard Specification for Portland Cement (Withdrawn 28 Jul 2009)ASTM C295 / C295M – 12 Standard Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates for ConcreteASTM C305 – 14 Standard Practice for Mechanical Mixing of Hydraulic Cement Pastes and Mortars of Plastic Consistency
ASTM C348 – 14 Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement MortarsASTM C349 – 14 Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars (Using Portions of Prisms Broken in Flexure)ASTM C452 – 15 Standard Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-Cement Mortars Exposed to SulfateASTM C490 / C490M – 11e1 Standard Practice for Use of Apparatus for the Determination of Length Change of Hardened Cement Paste, Mortar, and ConcreteASTM C494 / C494M – 15a Standard Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete ASTM C597 – 09 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through ConcreteASTM C642 – 13 Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened ConcreteASTM C778 – 13 Standard Specification for Standard SandASTM C805 / C805M – 13a Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened ConcreteASTM C1038 / C1038M – 14b Standard Test Method for Expansion of Hydraulic Cement Mortar Bars Stored in Water
ASTM D1067-11 Standard Test Methods for Acidity or Alkalinity of Water ASTM D1129-13 Standard Terminology Relating to Water ASTM D1193 – 06(2011) Standard Specification for Reagent Water ASTM D1293 – 12 Standard Test Methods for pH of Water
AS 1478.2-2005 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
AS 1012.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Sampling of concrete / AS 1012.2:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Preparing concrete mixes in the laboratory / AS 1012.3.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump test / AS 1012.3.2-1998 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compacting factor test / AS 1012.3.3-1998 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Vebe test / AS 1012.3.4-1998 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compactibility index / AS 1012.3.5:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump flow, T500 and J-ring test / AS 1012.4.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in concrete volume with increased air pressure / AS 1012.4.2:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring reduction in air pressure in chamber above concrete / AS 1012.4.3:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of air content of freshly mixed concrete – Measuring air volume when concrete is dispersed in water / AS 1012.5:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete / AS 1012.5:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of mass per unit volume of freshly mixed concrete / AS 1012.6:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of bleeding of concrete / AS 1012.8.1:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Method for making and curing concrete – Compression and indirect tensile test specimens / AS 1012.8.2:2014 Methods of testing concrete – Method for making and curing concrete – Flexure test specimens / AS 1012.13:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory / AS 1012.14-1991 Methods of testing concrete – Method for securing and testing cores from hardened concrete for compressive strength / AS 1012.15-1979 Methods of testing concrete – Method for the estimation of portland cement content of hardened concrete / AS 1012.16-1996 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of creep of concrete cylinders in compression / AS 1012.17-1997 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the static chord modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of concrete specimens / AS 1012.18-1996 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance / AS 1012.19.1-2000 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Hot water method / AS 1012.19.2-2000 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Accelerated curing of concrete compression test specimens – Warm water method / AS 1012.20-1992 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and concrete aggregates / DR AS 1012.20.1:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of chloride and sulfate in hardened concrete and aggregates – Nitric acid extraction method / DR2 AS 1012.20.2:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and hardened concrete / DR2 AS 1012.20.2:2015 Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water-soluble chloride in aggregates and hardened concrete / AS 1012.21-1999 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of water absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids in hardened concrete / Methods of testing concrete – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
AS 1012.10-2000 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of indirect tensile strength of concrete cylinders (‘Brasil’ or splitting test)
AS 1012.18-1996 (R2014) Methods of testing concrete – Determination of setting time of fresh concrete, mortar and grout by penetration resistance
AS 1379-2007/Amdt 1-2009 Specification and supply of concrete – AS 1379-2007/Amdt 2-2015 Specification and supply of concrete
AS 1478.1-2000 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Admixtures for concrete
AS 1478.2-2005 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Methods of sampling and testing admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
AS 2350.12-2006 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements – Preparation of a standard mortar and moulding of specimens
AS 2350.13-1995 Methods of testing portland and blended cements – Determination of drying shrinkage of portland andblended cement mortars
AS 2350.13-1995/Amdt 1-1997 Methods of testing portland and blended cements – Determination of drying shrinkage of portland and blended cement mortars
AS 2350.14-2006 Methods of testing portland, blended and masonry cements – Length change of cement mortars exposed to sulfate solution
AS 2550.15-1994 Cranes – Safe use – Concrete placing equipment
AS 3600-2009/Amdt 1-2010 Concrete structures – AS 3600-2009/Amdt 2-2013 Concrete structures
AS 3648-1993 Specification and methods of test for packaged concrete mixes
SS EN 12620:2008 – Amendment No.1 Specification for aggregates for concrete
SS 78 – A25 : 1987 Testing concrete – Methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory (Withdrawn – 11 Oct 2012) (Refer to BS 1881)SS 544 – 1 : 2014 Concrete – Complementary Singapore Standard to SS EN 206 – Part 1: Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier / SS 544 – 2 : 2014 Concrete – Complementary Singapore Standard to SS EN 206 – Part 2: Specification for constituent materials and concreteSS EN 934 – 1 : 2008 (2015) Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Common requirements
SS 397 – 1 : 1997 Methods of testing cement – Determination of strength (Withdrawn – 24 Jun 2011) (Users can refer to parts of BS EN 196) SS 561 : 2010 Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
SS 18 – 1 : 1999 Cold-reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete and the manufacture of welded fabric – Steel grade 500 /
SS 18 – 2 : 1970 Cold-reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete and the manufacture of welded fabric – Steel grade 485 /
SS 561 : 2010 Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
SS 580 : 2012 Code of practice for formwork
SS 32 – 1 : 1999 Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete – Steel grades 300 and 500 / SS 32 – 2 : 1986 Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete – Steel grade 485
ISO 1920-3:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 3: Making and curing test specimens
ISO 1920-1:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 1: Sampling of fresh concrete
ISO 1920-3:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 3: Making and curing test specimens
ISO 3766:2003 Construction drawings — Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement
ISO 3893:1977 Concrete — Classification by compressive strength
ISO 1920-4:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
ISO 1920-4:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
ISO 4103:1979 Concrete — Classification of consistency
ISO 1920-4:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 4635:2011 Rubber, vulcanized — Preformed joint seals for use between concrete paving sections of highways – Specification
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 6274:1982 Concrete — Sieve analysis of aggregates
ISO 1920-5:2004 Testing of concrete — Part 5: Properties of hardened concrete other than strength
ISO 1920-2:2005 Testing of concrete — Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
ISO 6782:1982 Aggregates for concrete — Determination of bulk density
ISO 6783:1982 Coarse aggregates for concrete — Determination of particle density and water absorption — Hydrostatic balance method
ISO 1920-10:2010 Testing of concrete — Part 10: Determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression
ISO 7033:1987 Fine and coarse aggregates for concrete — Determination of the particle mass-per-volume and water absorption — Pycnometer method
ISO 6934-1:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 1: General requirements
ISO 6934-2:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 2: Cold-drawn wire
ISO 6934-3:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 3: Quenched and tempered wire
ISO 6934-4:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 4: Strand
ISO 6934-5:1991 Steel for the prestressing of concrete — Part 5: Hot-rolled steel bars with or without subsequent processing
ISO 6935-1:2007 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 1: Plain bars
ISO 6935-2:2015 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 2: Ribbed bars
ISO 6935-3:1992 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete — Part 3: Welded fabric
ISO 14654:1999 Epoxy-coated steel for the reinforcement of concrete
ISO 14656:1999 EPOXY POWDER AND SEALING MATERIAL FOR THE COATING OF STEEL FOR THE REINFORCEMENT OF CONCRETE