Watertightness
- Introduction
- Causes of Defects
- Good Practices
- Standards
- Maintenance and Diagnostics
- Remedial
- Similar Cases
- References
Standards
British Standards
Concrete
Cement
BS EN 197 Part 1 Cement. Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cements
Test sieves
BS ISO 3310 Test sieves.
- Part 1 Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of metal wire cloth
- Part 2 Technical requirements and testing. Test sieves of perforated metal plate
Testing aggregates
BS 812 Testing aggregates.
- Part 103 Method for determination of particle size distribution. Section 103.2 Sedimentation test
- Part 104 Testing aggregates. Method for qualitative and quantitative petrographic examination of aggregates
- Part 114 Method for determination of the polished-stone value
- Part 121 Method for determination of soundness
- Part 123 Method for determination of alkali-silica reactivity. Concrete prism method Testing aggregates
- Part 124 Method for determination of frost heave
BS EN 932-5 Tests for general properties of aggregates. Common equipment and calibration
BS EN 1097 Tests for Mechanical and Physical Properties of Aggregates
- Part 2: Methods for the determination of resistance to fragmentation
- Part 3: Determination of Loose Bulk Density and Voids
BS EN 1744 Part 1 + A1 Tests for chemical properties of aggregates Part 1: Chemical analysis
Aggregates for Concrete
BS EN 12620 + A1 Aggregates for concrete
Cement/Lime Colour Pigments
BS EN 12878 Pigments for the colouring of building materials based on cement and/or lime. Specifications and methods of test
Concrete
BS EN 206 Concrete. Specification, performance, production and conformity
BS 8500 Concrete. Complementary British Standard to BS EN 206.
- Part 1 + A2 Method of specifying and guidance for the specifier
- Part 2 + A2 Specification for constituent materials and concrete
Design of concrete structures
BS EN 1992 Part 1-1 + A1 Eurocode 2: Design of concrete structures. General rules and rules for buildings
Testing concrete
BS 1881 Testing concrete.
- Part 113 Method for making and curing no-fines test cubes
- Part 119 for determination of compressive strength using portions of beams broken in flexure (equivalent cube method)
- Part 121 Method for determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression
- Part 122 + A1 Method for determination of water absorption
- Part 124 + A1 Methods for analysis of hardened concrete
- Part 125 Methods for mixing and sampling fresh concrete in the laboratory
- Part 129 Method for determination of density of partially compacted semi-dry fresh concrete
- Part 130 Method for temperature-matched curing of concrete specimens
- Part 131 Methods for testing cement in a reference concrete
- Part 204 Recommendations on the use of electromagnetic covermeters
- Part 206 Recommendations for determination of strain in concrete
- Part 207 Recommendations for the assessment of concrete strength by near-to-surface tests
- Part 208 Recommendations for the determination of the initial surface absorption of concrete
- Part 209 Recommendations for the measurement of dynamic modulus of elasticity
BS EN 12504 Part 2 Testing concrete in structures. Non-destructive testing. Determination of rebound number
Testing cement
BS 4550 Part 6 Methods of testing cement. Standard sand for mortar cubes
Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout
BS EN 480 Admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout.
- Part 1 Test methods. Reference concrete and reference mortar for testing
- Part 2 Test methods. Determination of setting time
- Part 3 + A1 Admixtures for masonry mortar. Definitions, requirements, conformity and marking and labelling
- Part 4 Test methods. Determination of bleeding of concrete
- Part 5 Test methods. Determination of capillary absorption
- Part 6 Test methods. Infrared analysis
- Part 8 Test methods. Determination of the conventional dry material content
- Part 10 Test methods. Determination of water soluble chloride content
- Part 11 Test methods. Determination of air void characteristics in hardened concrete
- Part 12 Test methods. Determination of the alkali content of admixtures
Design of masonry structures
PD 6697 Recommendations for the design of masonry structures to BS EN 1996-1-1 and BS EN 1996-2
BS EN 1996 Eurocode 6. Design of masonry structures.
- Part 1-2 General rules. Structural fire design
- Part 2 Design considerations, selection of materials and execution of masonry
- Part 3 Simplified calculation methods for unreinforced masonry structures
Mortar for masonry
BS EN 998 Specification for mortar for masonry.
- Part 1 Rendering and plastering mortar
- Part 2 Masonry mortar
PD 6678 Guide to the specification of masonry mortar
Assessment of in-situ compressive strength
BS EN 13791 Assessment of in-situ compressive strength in structures and pre-cast concrete components
Cleaning and surface repair of buildings
BS 8221 Part 1 Code of practice for cleaning and surface repair of buildings. Cleaning of natural stone, brick, terracotta and concrete
Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions
BS 6319 Testing of resin and polymer/cement compositions for use in construction.
- Part 3 Methods for measurement of modulus of elasticity in flexure and flexural strength
- Part 12 Methods for measurement of unrestrained linear shrinkage and coefficient of thermal expansion
Bitumen-based coatings
BS 6949 Specification for bitumen-based coatings for cold application excluding use in contact with potable water
Serviced life planning
BS ISO 15686 Buildings and constructed assets. Service life planning.
- Part 1 General principles and framework
- Part 2 Service life prediction procedures
- Part 3 Performance audits and reviews
Durability of buildings
BS 7543 Guide to durability of buildings and building elements, products and components
Workmanship
BS 8000 Part 0 Workmanship on construction sites. Introduction and general principles
Reinforcement
BS 4449 + A3 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete. Weldable reinforcing steel. Bar, coil and decoiled product. Specification
BS 4482 Steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete products. Specification
BS 4483 Steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete. Specification
BS 6744 Stainless steel bars for the reinforcement of and use in concrete. Requirements and test methods
Plastering
BS 8000 Part 0 Workmanship on construction sites. Introduction and general principles
BS EN 998 Part 1 Specification for mortar for masonry. Rendering and plastering mortar
BS EN 13139 Aggregates for mortar
BS EN 13279 Gypsum binders and gypsum plasters.
- Part 1 Definitions and requirements
- Part 2 Test methods
BS EN 13658 Metal lath and beads. Definitions, requirements and test methods.
- Part 1 Internal plastering
- Part 2 External rendering
BS EN 13914 Part 1 Design, preparation and application of external rendering and internal plastering. External rendering
American Society for Testing and Materials
Concrete
ASTM C33 / C33M Standard Specification for Concrete Aggregates
ASTM C94 / C94M Standard Specification for Ready-Mixed Concrete
ASTM C136 / C136M Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates
ASTM C150 / C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C387 / C387M Standard Specification for Packaged, Dry, Combined Materials for Concrete and High Strength Mortar
ASTM C597 Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
ASTM C642 Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete
ASTM C805 / C805M Standard Test Method for Rebound Number of Hardened Concrete
ASTM C1077 Standard Practice for Agencies Testing Concrete and Concrete Aggregates for Use in Construction and Criteria for Testing Agency Evaluation
Reinforcement
ASTM A1022 / A1022M Standard Specification for Deformed and Plain Stainless Steel Wire and Welded Wire for Concrete Reinforcement
ASTM A1064 / A1064M Standard Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
Plastering
ASTM C40 / C40M Standard Test Method for Organic Impurities in Fine Aggregates for Concrete
ASTM C150 / C150M Standard Specification for Portland Cement
ASTM C847 Standard Specification for Metal Lath
ASTM C897 Standard Specification for Aggregate for Job-Mixed Portland Cement-Based Plasters
ASTM C926 Standard Specification for Application of Portland Cement-Based Plaster
ASTM C932 Standard Specification for Surface-Applied Bonding Compounds for Exterior Plastering
ASTM C1063 Standard Specification for Installation of Lathing and Furring to Receive Interior and Exterior Portland Cement-Based Plaster
ASTM C1328 / C1328M Standard Specification for Plastic (Stucco) Cement
ASTM C1506 Standard Test Method for Water Retention of Hydraulic Cement-Based Mortars and Plasters
ASTM E96 / E96M Standard Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
ASTM E119 Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials
ASTM F710 Standard Practice for Preparing Concrete Floors to Receive Resilient Flooring
Australian Standards
Concrete
AS 1012 Methods of testing concrete
- Method 1 – Sampling of concrete
- Method 2 – Preparing concrete mixes in the laboratory
- Method 3.1 – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Slump test
- Method 3.2 – Determination of properties related to the consistency of concrete – Compacting factor test
- Method 8.4 – Method for making and curing concrete – Drying shrinkage specimens prepared in the field or in the laboratory
- Method 11 – Determination of the modulus of rupture
- Method 13 – Determination of the drying shrinkage of concrete for samples prepared in the field or in the laboratory
- Method 21 – Determination of water absorption and apparent volume of permeable voids in hardened concrete
AS 1478 Part 1 Chemical admixtures for concrete, mortar and grout – Admixtures for concrete
AS 2758 Part 1 Aggregates and rock for engineering purposes – Concrete aggregates
AS 3600 Concrete structures
CIA Z9 CIA Curing of Concrete
SA HB 84 Guide to Concrete Repair Protection
Reinforcement
AS/NZS 4671 Steel reinforcing materials
Singapore Standards
Concrete
SS 78 Testing concrete
- A21 – Method for determination of static modules of elasticity in compression
- A24 – Methods of analysis of hardened concrete
- B1 – Guide to the use of non-destructive methods of test for hardened concrete
- B4 – Recommendations for the use of electromagnetic covermeters
- B6 – Recommendations for determination of strain in concrete
- B7 – Recommendations for assessment of concrete strength by the near-to-surface tests
- B9 – Recommendations for the measurement of dynamic modulus of elasticity
SS 509 Code of practice for cleaning and surface repair of buildings
- Part 1: Cleaning of natural stone, brick, terracotta, concrete and rendered finishes
- Part 2: Surface repair of natural stones, brick, terracotta and rendered finishes
SS EN 197 Cement
- Part 1: Composition, specifications and conformity criteria for common cement
- Part 2: Conformity evaluation
SS EN 12620 Specification for aggregates for concrete
CP 65 Code of practice for structural use of concrete
- Part 1: Design and construction
- Part 2: Special circumstances
Reinforcement
SS 2 Part 3 : Steel for the reinforcement of concrete – Plain and ribbed bars (steel grades 250 and 460)
SS 18 Cold-reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete and the manufacture of welded fabric
- Part 1: steel grade 500
- Part 2: steel grade 485
SS 32 Welded steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete-steel
- Part 1: grades 300 and 500
- Part 2: grade 485
SS 560 Specification for steel for the reinforcement of concrete – Weldable reinforcing steel – Bar, coil and decoiled product
SS 561 + A2 Specification for steel fabric for the reinforcement of concrete
Plastering
CP 56 Code of practice for internal plastering
International Organization for Standardization
Concrete
ISO 1920 Testing of concrete
- Part 1: Sampling of fresh concrete
- Part 2: Properties of fresh concrete
- Part 3: Making and curing test specimens
- Part 4: Strength of hardened concrete
- Part 5: Properties of hardened concrete other than strength
- Part 10: Determination of static modulus of elasticity in compression
ISO 3766 Construction drawings — Simplified representation of concrete reinforcement
ISO 4635 Rubber, vulcanized — Preformed joint seals for use between concrete paving sections of highways — Specification
ISO 7728 Typical horizontal joints between an external wall of prefabricated ordinary concrete components and a concrete floor — Properties. characteristics and classification criteria
ISO 7729 Typical vertical joints between two prefabricated ordinary concrete external wall components — Properties, characteristics and classification criteria
ISO 7844 Grooved vertical joints with connecting bars and concrete infill between large reinforced concrete panels — Laboratory mechanical tests — Effect of tangential loading
ISO 7845 Horizontal joints between load-bearing walls and concrete floors — Laboratory mechanical tests — Effect of vertical loading and of moments transmitted by the floors
ISO 20290 Aggregates for concrete — Test methods for mechanical and physical properties
- Part 1: Determination of bulk density, particle density, particle mass-per-volume and water absorption
- Part 2: Method for determination of resistance to fragmentation by Los Angeles Test (LA-Test)
- Part 3: Determination of aggregate crushing value (ACV)
Reinforcement
ISO 6934 Steel for the prestressing of concrete
- Part 1: General requirements
- Part 2: Cold-drawn wire
- Part 3: Quenched and tempered wire
- Part 4: Strand
- Part 5: Hot-rolled steel bars with or without subsequent processing
ISO 6935 Steel for the reinforcement of concrete
- Part 1: Plain bars
- Part 2: Ribbed bars
- Part 3: Welded fabric
ISO 10144 Certification scheme for steel bars and wires for the reinforcement of concrete structures
ISO 10544 Cold-reduced steel wire for the reinforcement of concrete and the manufacture of welded fabric
ISO 11082 Certification scheme for welded fabric for the reinforcement of concrete structures
ISO 14654 Epoxy-coated steel for the reinforcement of concrete
ISO 14655 Epoxy-coated strand for the prestressing of concrete
ISO 14656 Epoxy powder and sealing material for the coating of steel for the reinforcement of concrete
ISO 15630 Steel for the reinforcement and prestressing of concrete — Test methods
- Part 1: Reinforcing bars, wire rod and wire
- Part 2: Welded fabric
- Part 3: Prestressing steel